In theory, these trains could enjoy dramatic savings through electrification, but it can be too costly to extend electrification to isolated areas, and unless an entire network is electrified, companies often find that they need to continue use of diesel trains even if sections are electrified. A teleprinter is a telegraph machine that can send messages from a typewriter-like keyboard and print incoming messages in readable text with no need for the operators to be trained in the telegraph code used on the line. The power is added to the cable line so that optical nodes, trunk and distribution amplifiers do not need an individual, external power source. During the coalition talks after the general election last year, Cable addressed a hastily convened meeting of Lib Dem MPs and told them: "My heart beats on the left." What he meant was that he felt emotionally and ideologically more aligned to Labour than to the Conservatives. A worldwide communication network meant that telegraph cables would have to be laid across oceans. Bipolar encoding has several advantages, one of which is that it permits duplex communication.

The Space Shuttle had, in addition to its redundant set of four digital computers running its primary flight-control software, a fifth back-up computer running a separately developed, reduced-function, software flight-control system - one that could be commanded to take over in the event that a fault ever affected all of the computers in the other four. Telegraph lines continued to be an important means of distributing news feeds from news agencies by teleprinter machine until the rise of the internet in the 1990s. For Western Union, one service remained highly profitable-the wire transfer of money. The first widely used system (Wheatstone, 1858) was first put into service with the British General Post Office in 1867. A novel feature of the Wheatstone system was the use of bipolar encoding. Smart TVs deliver content (such as photos, movies and music) from other computers or network attached storage devices on a network using either a Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) / Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) media server or similar service program like Windows Media Player or Network-attached storage (NAS), or via iTunes. Its large data fields allow for higher layer protocols like IP (Internet Protocol) and the tunneling of Ethernet frames. AppleTalk was released in 1985 and was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 1990s. Versions were also released for the IBM PC and compatibles and the Apple IIGS.

Originally developed to reduce the complexity and cost of electrical wiring in automobiles through multiplexing, the CAN bus protocol has since been adopted in various other contexts. The economic advantage of doing this is greatest on long, busy routes where the cost of the extra step of preparing the tape is outweighed by the cost of providing more telegraph lines. The first machine to use punched tape was Bain's teleprinter (Bain, 1843), but the system saw only limited use. The Morse telegraph (1837) was originally conceived as a system marking indentations on paper tape. The Wheatstone tape reader was capable of a speed of 400 words per minute. Later versions of Bain's system achieved speeds up to 1000 words per minute, far faster than a human operator could achieve. Permanent or semi-permanent stations were established during the war, some of them towers of enormous height and the system was extensive enough to be described as a communications network. The higher power of electric locomotives and an electrification can also be a cheaper alternative to a new and less steep railway if train weights are to be increased on a system.

NBP provided browsability ("what are the names of all the services available?") as well as the ability to find a service with a particular name. Some master headends also house telephony equipment (such as automatic telephone exchanges) for providing telecommunications services to the community. The idea for a telegraph of this type was first proposed as a modification of surveying equipment (Gauss, 1821). Various uses of mirrors were made for communication in the following years, mostly for military purposes, but the first device to become widely used was a heliograph with a moveable mirror (Mance, 1869). The system was used by the French during the 1870-71 siege of Paris, with night-time signalling using kerosene lamps as the source of light. Another type of heliograph was the heliostat or heliotrope fitted with a Colomb shutter. The Colomb shutter (Bolton and Colomb, 1862) was originally invented to enable the transmission of morse code by signal lamp between Royal Navy ships at sea.

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